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Kadua cordata

Cham. & Schltdl. (1829)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Kadua

kopa, manono

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Subshrubs, usually few–branched.

Stems: Stems weakly erect to scandent, terete (cylindrical) to weakly quadrangular, rarely sharply so, (6–)10–60 dm long, glabrous and usually conspicuously glaucous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades ovate to broadly ovate, elliptic–ovate, ovate–cordate, elliptic–oblong, elliptic, or sometimes lanceolate, 3–16 cm long, (0.8–)2.3–7.5 cm wide. Apex acuminate to long-acuminate. Base broadly cuneate, rounded, subcordate, or occasionally attenuate. Surfaces glabrous or lower surfaces hirtellous, sometimes mostly along veins; glossy, thin and membranous to thickened and subcoriaceous or sometimes coriaceous; lower surfaces also usually glaucous. Margins entire, flat or revolute. Lateral veins slightly to strongly impressed on upper surface, slightly to conspicuously raised on lower surface, higher order venation obscurely or sometimes conspicuously reticulate. Petioles 0–1 cm long, bases slightly connate. Stipules deltate, usually carinate, 3–9 mm long, slightly connate and adnate to petioles, apex with a slender mucro (1–) 2–5 mm long.

Flowers: Flowers in terminal, compound, decussate, paniculate inflorescences, composed usually of congested cymes, these sometimes elongating monochasially and becoming open, pedicels quadrangular, 2–8(–15) mm long, inflorescences glabrous and usually strongly glaucous throughout, bracts of ultimate branches and each flower usually foliaceous and partly obscuring the flower, occasionally small and scale-like; hypanthium turbinate, 1.5-2.2 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect) and pistillate; insect-pollinated. Calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes usually foliaceous, oblong–ovate, ovate to broadly ovate, (2–)4–8 mm long, (1–)1.5–2.5 mm wide, enlarging somewhat in fruit. Corolla pale green to greenish yellow, greenish white, or cream–colored (var. remyi), rarely tinged purple, fleshy, usually glaucous, salverform, the tube (6–)9–17 mm long, larger corollas slightly enlarged distally, the limb not strongly quadrangular in bud, but apex depressed, 4-5-lobed, the lobes (1.5–) 2.5–7(–10) mm long at anthesis, strongly inflexed in bud, more or less revolute; nectary disc present. Stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla lobes, inserted ca. 1-3 mm below corolla tube sinuses; anthers sessile or on short filaments, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or partly so, 2(-4)-locular; ovules few to numerous on fleshy placentas near middle of septum; style as many as carpels, cylindrical to filiform, terminal, slender, woolly–villous in lower ⅔ – ⅓, apex 2(–4)–lobed; stigma bilobed or subcapitate, included or exserted.

Fruit: Capsules turbinate to subglobose; 2–4 mm long; 3–7 mm in diameter; dehiscing loculicidally across disk; pyrenes tardily dehiscing across disk septicidally; endocarp strongly to sometimes thinly sclerified; disk flat to slightly raised. Seeds dark brown; irregularly cuneiform; irregularly angled; darkly granular to reticulate–pitted; with well-developed oily endosperm; or endosperm occasionally scanty or absent.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in mesic to wet forest; sometimes on windswept ridges.

Elevation Range: 400–1,820 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Linnaea 4: 160 (1829)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Kadua cordata Waialae drainage moderate to steep banks above stream. Acacia-Metrosideros mesic forest, open to closed canopy. W/ Kadua affinis, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Bidens cosmoides, Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiense, Alyxia, Chamaesyce atrococ Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 13833 Kauai BISH 2009-07-17
2 Kadua cordata Kuliouou. Western summit. Southeastern Koolau Mountains. Growing on widswept summit ridge overlooking Waimānalo. Also growing with Hydrangea arguta, Bidens sandvicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Kadua centranthoides, Sadleria pallida, Peperomia latifolia, Digitaria spp., Axonopus compressus, Rubus rosifolius, Perotettia sandwicensis, and others. Preserved_Specimen Thomas, M.K. 608 Oahu BISH 2023-10-21
3 Kadua cordata Mauna Kapu, summit forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21038 Oahu BISH 1950-10-29
4 Kadua cordata E Pahole Gulch, Waianae Mts., Waialua open shade; Pisonia, Planchonella, Diospyros, Aleurites Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1300 Oahu BISH 1976-06-15
5 Kadua cordata Kawaiiki, off Kaluahaulu ridge, S of Koaie, N of Waiale narrow wet gulch, upper mesic forest and drainage; Metrosideros, Acacia, Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Peperomia membranacea Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 13058 Kauai BISH 2008-05-23
6 Kadua cordata Wamea District. Awaawapuhi, north facing slopes SW of Kainamanu Metrosideros-Acaia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia, planchonella, Xylosma hawaiiensis, antidesma, bobea brevipes, Mrysine lanaensis, Dodonaea, wikstroemia furcata, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, kadua affinis, melicope ovata, M. barbigera Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 16599 Kauai BISH 2015-09-08
7 Kadua cordata Paohia drainage, East of Kapalaoa, East facing slopes below Kapalaoa East facin slopes. Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet forest W/ Antidesma platyphylla, Ilex anomala, Polyscias waialeale, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Bobea brevipes, Psychotria mariniana, Cyanea Khiliensis, Cyanea fissa, Cheirodendron, Freycinetia weeds: Psidium Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 23863 Kauai BISH 2014-02-25
8 Kadua cordata Hanalei District. Honopu, slopes around northern branch. Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic to transitional wet forest and drainage w/ Diplopterygium pinnatum, Sticherus owhyhensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Ilex anomala, Wikstroemia furcata, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Polyscias waimeae, Melicope a Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 16440 Kauai BISH 2015-05-02
9 Kadua cordata ridge to Ohulehule failry abundant. Found only on the slopes leading to the summit. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 101 Oahu BISH 1979-03-25
10 Kadua cordata Punaluu, Pig God Trail rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11664 Oahu BISH 1931-05-31
11 Kadua cordata Hanalei District. Wainiha, upper northeastern fork. Closed Metrosideros lowland wet forest, 8-12 m canopy surrounded by steep valley walls with Dicranopteris and mixed shrubs. Understory dominated by Antidesma w/Syzygium, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra spp, Psychotria spp, Dubautia spp, Labordia spp, Coprosma waimeae, Cheirodendron spp, Polyscias kavaiensis, P. oahuen Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 15931 Kauai BISH 2014-04-23
12 Kadua cordata N Halawa Valley, summit windswept, rainy, shrubby Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11693 Oahu BISH 1932-04-17
13 Kadua cordata Makolelau; Below Puu Kolekole immediately below where the old solar pannel used to be (metal anchors remaining). Below steep East gulch walls. W/ Streblus pendulinus, Lysimachia remyi, Coprosma foliosa, Dodonea, Metrosideros, Alyxia, Hedyotis terminalis, pipturus, Liparis hawaiensis, Nephrolepis, Melicope sp., Dubautia linearis, Cibotium, Le Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 621 Molokai BISH 2005-11-30
14 Kadua cordata E Kaaawa Gulch, N Kaala rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11680 Oahu BISH 1937-04-11
15 Kadua cordata Hanalei District: Back of Hanalei Valley, Halelea Forest Reserve Understory of well developed Ohia Lowland Wet forest. Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Sphaeropteris cooperi, Dubautia knudsenii, Clidemia hirta, Cyclosorus sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, Piptur Preserved_Specimen Williams, A.M. 695 Kauai BISH 2021-08-16
16 Kadua cordata mauka of Puuiki, ridge rocky, rainy Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11695 Oahu BISH 1932-06-11
17 Kadua cordata Kapalaoa, Wahiawa drainages, in steep gulch off Kapalaoa In Metrosideros- Dicranopteris linearis wet forest with Labordia lydgatei, Ilex anomala, Cheirodendron, Pritchardia flynnii, Dubautia imbricata, Cyanea sylvestris, Psidum cattleianum. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 19459 Kauai BISH 2005-02-24
18 Kadua cordata Haena, Hanakoa Valley, E branch fresh running springs, short running waterfalls and plunge pool; 50% open Aleurites, Psidium guajava, Psychotria mariniana, Machaerina angustifolia Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 12968 Kauai BISH 2008-05-07
19 Kadua cordata waimea district. Honopu, northern slopes and drainage below kainamanu. Acacia Koa-Metrosiders polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane mesic with bobea brevipes, Ilex anomela, Wikstroemia furcata, Claoxylon sandwicensis, polyscias waimeae, melicope anisata, m. barbigera, kadua affinis, Psychotria greenwlliae, plachonella sandwicensis, Br Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 15920 Kauai BISH 2014-04-20
20 Kadua cordata NE Puu Kumakalii forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11683 Oahu BISH 1936-04-01
21 Kadua cordata W of Peacock Flats, Mokuleia dark gulch Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27993 Oahu BISH 1962-07-20
22 Kadua cordata E Kaaawa Gulch, N Kaala rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11680 Oahu BISH 1937-04-11
23 Kadua cordata N Halawa Valley, near summit ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11692 Oahu BISH 1932-04-17
24 Kadua cordata N Makua Valley, summit ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11702 Oahu BISH 1932-07-10
25 Kadua cordata NW Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11711 Oahu BISH 1928-02-20
26 Kadua cordata Palikea Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11686 Oahu BISH 1936-01-05
27 Kadua cordata E Makua Valley, summit ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11704 Oahu BISH 1932-06-26
28 Kadua cordata Palikea trail, Waianae Mts., old CCC camp Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6444 Oahu BISH 1970-05-29
29 Kadua cordata Waianae Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
30 Kadua cordata Waianae, Palehua Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 287 Oahu BISH 1922-08-23
31 Kadua cordata Lanai Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Lanai BISH 1870-01-01
32 Kadua cordata Waimea Preserved_Specimen Knudsen Kauai BISH
33 Kadua cordata Makaha Valley, Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-02-12
34 Kadua cordata Mt. Kaala, Makaleha Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
35 Kadua cordata Koolau, high ridge above Kahana Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 1891 Oahu BISH 1926-09-17
36 Kadua cordata Mokuleia, Kaala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1789 Oahu BISH 1912-04-26
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